Infrastructure corrosion analysis

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to systems, methods and apparatus for analyzing an infrastructure system including measurement of a parameter associated with the infrastructure system, electronically recording the measured parameter as a data, transferring the data to an infrastructure unit which may be remote from the infrastructure system, analyzing the data to generate a risk model, and predicting a characteristic of the infrastructure system according to the risk. An implementation plan may be generated, and/or maintenance services may be performed as per the characteristic that is predicted.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS STATEMENTS REGARDING FEDERALLYSPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING”, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND

Energy infrastructure such as transmission towers and pipelines may beinstalled to provide energy and other services to houses, buildings,facilities and other structures. Once installed it is difficult todetermine if there is a maintenance problem with the buriedinfrastructure and whether a maintenance and/or remediation operationshould be performed on the infrastructure, or portions thereof.Therefore a need exists to efficiently perform testing, inspection, andanalysis of buried energy infrastructure.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The disclosure relates to systems, methods and apparatus for analyzingan infrastructure system including measurement of a parameter associatedwith the infrastructure system, electronically recording the measuredparameter as a data, transferring the data to an infrastructure unitwhich may be remote from the infrastructure system, analyzing the datato generate a risk model, and predicting a characteristic of theinfrastructure system according to the risk. An implementation plan maybe generated, and/or maintenance services may be performed as per thecharacteristic that is predicted.

As used herein the term “determine” and the like shall inclusive of themeaning of “infer” and the like.

As used herein the term “fluids” shall include fluids and gases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The embodiments may be better understood, and numerous objects,features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art byreferencing the accompanying drawings. These drawings are used toillustrate only typical embodiments of this invention, and are not to beconsidered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to otherequally effective embodiments. The figures are not necessarily to scaleand certain features and certain views of the figures may be shownexaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity andconciseness.

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic view of an infrastructure analysis system.

FIGS. 2A and 2B depict a view of a tower footing according to oneembodiment.

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict a schematic view of data collection systems ormethods.

FIG. 4A depicts a general characterization of soil corrosivity based onsoil resistivity measurements.

FIGS. 4B and 4C depict pH versus corrosion rate graphs for steel andzinc respectively.

FIG. 4D depicts a degradation classification.

FIG. 5 depicts a table of data elements collected during a datacollection stage.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a data collection sheet.

FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an infrastructure unit of theinfrastructure analysis system.

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict a portion of a visual display from theinfrastructure unit.

FIG. 9 depicts a correlation of risk score and degradationclassification created by the risk analysis unit of the infrastructureunit.

FIGS. 10A-10C show displays of various risk scores created by theinfrastructure unit.

FIG. 10D depicts a table showing a total risk score for a transmissiontower.

FIG. 11 depicts a table listing of photos taken at the energyinfrastructure 102 of amounts of degradation in the legs.

FIG. 12 depicts a table generated by the infrastructure unit thatdepicts the projected degradation classification for each transmissiontower.

FIGS. 13A-13D depict photos of portions of the energy infrastructure.

FIG. 14 depicts a schematic view of a pipeline analysis system.

FIG. 15 depicts portion of a pipeline with one or more damaged sections.

FIG. 16 depicts a pipeline infrastructure unit according to anembodiment.

FIGS. 17A-17H depict an example of a report used in conjunction with thepipeline analysis system according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 18A-18H depict screenshots of a visual display from theinfrastructure unit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S)

The description that follows includes exemplary apparatus, methods,techniques, and instruction sequences that embody techniques of theinventive subject matter. However, it is understood that the describedembodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

Embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software,micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardwareaspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,”“module” or “system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the inventive subjectmatter may take the form of a computer program product embodied in anytangible medium of expression having computer usable program codeembodied in the medium. The described embodiments may be provided as acomputer program product, or software, that may include amachine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may beused to program a computer system (or other electronic device(s)) toperform a process according to embodiments, whether presently describedor not, since every conceivable variation is not enumerated herein. Amachine readable medium includes any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form (e.g., software, processingapplication) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Themachine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magneticstorage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e.g.,CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read only memory (ROM); randomaccess memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM andEEPROM); flash memory; or other types of medium suitable for storingelectronic instructions. In addition, embodiments may be embodied in anelectrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signal(e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.), orwireline, wireless, or other communications medium.

Computer program code for carrying out operations of the embodiments maybe written in any combination of one or more programming languages,including an object oriented programming language such as Java,Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The program code may execute entirely on a user's computer,partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partlyon the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely onthe remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remotecomputer may be connected to the user's computer through any type ofnetwork, including a local area network (LAN), a personal area network(PAN), or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider).

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic view of an infrastructure analysis system100. The infrastructure analysis system 100 may be for analyzingconditions and/or damage to a power infrastructure 102. As shown theinfrastructure analysis system 100 is a plurality of transmission towers104 for supporting a transmission line 106. The infrastructure analysissystem 100 may have the power infrastructure 102, one or more fieldworkers 108, one or more data collection tools 110, one or more datainput devices 112, a communication network 114 and an infrastructureunit 116. In addition the infrastructure analysis system 100 may haveone or more analysis workers 118 at a service company 120. The servicecompany 120 may be hired to perform analysis, maintenance, remediation,and/or construction on the power infrastructure 102. Further, theinfrastructure analysis system 100 may communicate with a client company122. The service company 120 and/or the client company 122 may have anynumber of computers 124 which may have the infrastructure unit 116therein. In addition to, or as an alternative to, the one or more datainput devices 112, the field worker may have a computer 124.

The transmission towers 104 may be any suitable transmission towers ortransmission line supports. The transmission towers 104 may have one ormore legs 126 and one or more tower footings 128. The tower footings 128may secure into a soil 130(A-D) for securing the transmission tower 104in place. The tower footings 128 may secure to the legs 126 or beintegral therewith. The tower footing 128 may be steel memberfoundations having multiple components as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Thesoil 130A-D at each of the transmission towers 104 may be similar or mayvary at each transmission tower 104 or at each leg 126.

The field worker 108 may be any suitable worker (such as a technician oran engineer) that is sent to the power infrastructure 102 to collectdata during a data collection phase of the project. The field worker 108may input the collected data directly into the one or more data inputdevices 112 and/or the computer 124 as the data is collected in thefield. The one or more data collection tools 110 may communicatedirectly with the one or more data input devices 112 and/or the computer124 or the field worker 108 may input the collected data manually. Asthe data is collected, the one or more data input devices 112 and/or thecomputer 124 may send the data to the infrastructure unit(s) 116 locatedabout the infrastructure analysis system 100. The field worker 108 maycollect data for one of the transmission towers 104 then move to thenext transmission towers 104, or selected transmission towers 104, inthe power infrastructure 102. Further, the field worker 108 may collectdata from only a select few of the transmission towers 104 and then usethe infrastructure analysis system 100 to predict the conditions of theother transmission towers 104 and formulate a project plan, orimplementation plan.

The communication network 114 allows for communication about theinfrastructure analysis system 100 and may be any suitable networkincluding those described herein.

The field worker 108 may collect data from all, or portions of, thepower infrastructure 102 during a data gathering phase of the project.During the data gathering phase the field worker 108 may use the datacollection tools 110 and/or observation at the power infrastructure 102.The data collection may take place during routine structure surveysincluding, but not limited to, annual surveys, scheduled maintenance,specific service calls and the like. The data collection may includeidentifying candidate areas for detailed surveys, measuring DC and ACstructure potential to a Copper-Copper Sulfate Electrode (CSE). Theelectrochemical potential of a structure (for example the transmissiontower) may be related to corrosion activity. For example the potentialof carbon steel may be −0.550V to −0.800V (CSE). The potential of newerstructures is more electronegative. The potential of coated structuresmay be more electronegative. The potential of steel embedded in concrete0.250 to −0.550V (CSE). The potential of galvanized structures −0.800V(CSE) and the potential of copper is −0.200V to −0.300V (CSE). Thereforethe data collection may include measuring the potential of the tower tosoil as shown in FIG. 3A.

The data collection may include, but is not limited to, a Wenner fourpin soil resistivity measurement. The soil resistivity at eachtransmission tower 104 (as shown in FIG. 1 ) may be measured using theWenner four pin method in one location to various depths representingthe depth of the structure, e.g. a depth of one, two and three feet.FIG. 3B is a schematic view of a data collection and associatedcalculations. Referring to FIG. 3B, d=spacing=depth (ft.) and fordetermining resistance (R, ohms) one calculates resistivity (p, ohm-cm)where p=191.5*d*R.

The data collection may include, but is not limited to, electrochemicaland physical measurements. The assessment protocol of the transmissiontowers 104 may use a combination of electrochemical and physicalmeasurements that were used to determine the propensity of theenvironmental causes for corrosion. These data collection methods mayinclude, but are not limited to, AC voltage measurements, DC voltagemeasurements, LPR corrosion rate measurement (to determine the relativecorrosion rate of soil), soil pH, soil resistivity, soil chemistry,redox (oxidation-reduction) potential, coating thickness, degradationdocumentation, nondestructive testing or examination (which are commonlyreferred to as “NDE” examination) of a structure (e.g. tower, pipeline,etc.) and the like.

The AC voltage measurement may include a high voltage safety test whichis first conducted to verify that the structure is safe to work near. AnAC voltage test may then be made at each leg 126 of the transmissiontower 104 (as shown in FIG. 1 ). The AC voltage test may be performed byplacing a copper-copper sulfate reference electrode twelve to eighteeninches from the tower leg. The half cell may be connected to a Flukemulti-meter common terminal and the tower may be connected to a positiveterminal of the voltmeter as shown in FIG. 3A. A fifteen volt maximumcriterion may be used to determine if there is a shock hazard.

The DC voltage measurement may be performed at each leg 126 of thetransmission tower 104 (as shown in FIG. 1 ) in the same manner as theAC measurements except the voltmeter may be set to measure DC voltage.The electro-chemical potential of galvanized steel is expected to bemore negative than −0.750 volts (CSE) when the galvanizing is new andintact and not adversely affected by high concentrations of carbonatesand nitrates in the soil. These compounds may passivate the zinc anddrive the electro-chemical potential in the positive direction. Theelectro-chemical potential of unprotected bare carbon steel in soils isexpected to be −0.650 volts to −0.750 volts (CSE) when first exposed andwill migrate in the positive direction over time as corrosionprogresses. A potential of −0.550 volts (CSE) is considered a typicalfree corrosion potential of carbon steel that has experienced somecorrosion. Carbon steel when bonded to copper may exhibit potentialsthat are in the range of −0.400 volts (CSE).

Soil resistivity measurements may be taken for various depths belowground level to assess the potential corrosivity of the soil surroundingthe buried portion of the structure. Soil resistivity is in the inverseof conductivity and may provide an indication of soil corrosivity. FIG.4A depicts a general characterization of soil corrosivity based on soilresistivity measurements. The data shown in FIG. 4A indicates that thereare areas of higher soil resistivity values that are typical of theelevated terrain and soil conditions.

The corrosion rate of a carbon steel probe installed into the soil at adistance of three feet from each tower leg was measured and recordedusing a Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) meter. Equation 2.1 belowwas used to calculate the corrosion rate from the measurements:R _(p)=(∂E/∂I)_(i=0)i _(corr)(1/R _(p))β_(a)β_(c)/2.303(β_(a)+β_(c))CR(mpy)=i _(corr)×129×WT/n×d   (Equation 1)

The soil pH at each tower leg was measured and recorded using a Flukemulti-meter connected to a saturated copper-copper sulfate referenceelectrode (− negative terminal lead) and a antimony reference cell (+terminal lead).

The soil pH is an indication of the degree of its acidity or alkalinity.pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ionconcentration of the environment as depicted in the following equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{ph} = {- {\log\left\lbrack H\overset{+}{\rbrack} \right.}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right)\end{matrix}$

A pH of 7 is considered neutral and indicates that the number ofhydrogen ions in solution is equal to the number of hydroxyl ions insolution. The relationship of pH to the impact of corrosion for steeland zinc is shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C.

A review of the data indicates an overall trend of the towers being insoils ranging from 2.6 to 9.7 with the average at 5.2. Generally the lowpH of a soil indicates increased corrosivity for both the galvanizingand the steel. It should be noted that a single unit of pH change causesa factor of approximately 10 increase or decrease on corrosion rate.

The redox potential was measured and recorded for each tower. The redoxpotentials are an indication of the oxidation-reduction potential of thesoil environment. They are typically used to determine the propensity ofmicrobial activity in the soil that may contribute to microbiologicallyinduced corrosion (MIC) and in particular, sulfate reducing bacterialinduced corrosion. Values that are less than 150 millivolts indicate amoderate tendency of MIC while negative values indicate a severetendency of MIC.

Coating thickness was measured and recorded using an electronic coatingfilm thickness gauge to test the thickness of the zinc coating at twolocations on each tower leg. One location was 12 inches above the groundlevel and the other was 12 inches below the ground level.

Although several data collection systems, methods and/or devices aredescribed it should be appreciated that any suitable data collectionsystems, methods and/or devices may be used. During each of the datacollection methods, the worker and/or the data collection tools mayinput the results of the data collection into the data input device 112and/or the computer 124.

The data collection phase may determine any number of data elements foreach of the transmission towers 104, the tower footings 128, and/or thelegs 126. In one example up to sixteen data elements were collected toassist the prediction of the likelihood of corrosion and to measure theactual corrosion on the transmission towers 104. The data elements mayinclude, but are not limited to, GPS coordinates, AC tower to soilpotential, DC tower to soil potential, LPR corrosion rate measurement,visual corrosion pattern, section loss length, maximum pit depth, soilchemistry (chlorides, sulfates, passivation including carbonatesbicarbonates and nitrates, antimony cell pH, redox potential, coatingthickness 12″ above soil, coating thickness 12″ below the soil, soilresistivity, soil resistivity variation, soil type, topography,vegetation, photography, comments, electrochemical factor(s) (e.g.structure potential, structure potential variation, and corrosion rate),stray current interference factor(s), design factor(s) (e.g. type ofstructure and copper ground), visual corrosion factor(s) (e.g. generalcorrosion, section loss and pitting), cathodic protection factor(s)(e.g. applied cathodic protection and protection level) and the like.Several data elements are shown in FIG. 5 . The data elements may beselected on the basis of their relevance to the likelihood of corrosionin the localized area of the individual towers and/or actual wall loss.

The collected data and/or the data elements for each of the transmissiontowers 104 surveyed may be sent to the infrastructure unit(s) 116 viathe data input unit 108, the computer 124 used by the field worker 108,and/or entered by the worker 118 at the service company 120. The worker118 at the service company 120 may input the data into theinfrastructure unit 116 from data collected in a data collection sheet600 as shown in FIG. 6 .

FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of the infrastructure unit 116 accordingto an embodiment. The infrastructure unit 116 may include a storagedevice 700, a data collection unit 702, a risk analysis unit 704, acomparative analysis unit 706, a predictive analysis unit 708, animplementation unit 710 and a transceiver unit 712. The storage unit 700may be any suitable storage device for storing data. The transceiverunit 712 may be any suitable device configured to send and/or receivedata to the infrastructure unit 116. The infrastructure unit 116 may betotally or partially located in the one or more data collection tools110, the one or more data input devices 116, the computers 124 and/orthe network 114.

The data collection unit 702 may collect all of the data including, butnot limited to, input by the field worker 108 into the one or more datacollection tools 110 and/or the computer 124. The data collection unit702 may then identify important data elements from the collected data.The data unit 702 may then organize, store, categorize, and manipulatethe collected data per the needs of the project. The data collectionunit 702 may further keep historical data regarding any of the collecteddata, data elements, and/or power infrastructure 102 as the data iscollected.

The risk analysis unit 704 may receive information from the datacollection unit 702 to determine risk, or risk factors, in the powerinfrastructure 102. The risk analysis unit may have a transmissioncorrosion analysis tool (or “TCAT™”), tower version, and a graphicalinformation system (or “GIS”). The risk analysis unit 704 may evaluate,manipulate, analyze and characterize the data from the data collectionunit 702 in order to determine risks, damage, and the like of the powerinfrastructure 102 that has been observed. The risk analysis unit 704may analyze the data and classify the degradation on the power structureincluding, but not limited to, the individual legs, towers, andcircuits. The risk analysis unit 704 may correlate the degradationclassification with the risk scores and perform an overall assessment ofthe power infrastructure 102 including, but not limited to, the legs126, the transmission towers 104, the footings 128, and the circuits.

The TCAT™ allows the workers to acquire, store and manage tower relateddata and timely performance of risk ranking calculations. This may allowfor quick identification of towers with the highest risk of degradationand timely direction of remediation crews to those high risktransmission towers 104. FIGS. 8A and 8B depict a portion of a visualdisplay of the TCAT™. The TCAT™ model may use an algorithm developedaccording to one having ordinary skill in the art in corrosion scienceand field deployable electrochemical measurements. By way of examplethis algorithm integrates sixteen data elements, for example sixteenelectrochemical, chemical and physical measurements for the powerinfrastructure 102, such as the transmission towers 104, the legs 126,and the like. The algorithm may determine or infer the relativelikelihood of corrosion of that power infrastructure. To continuallyimprove the performance of the model, direct information or informationused to infer conditions may be integrated, for example, the subsurfacedirect examination condition data of the footings may be inputted withdirect observations. This allows the TCAT™ model and the assessment teamperformance to improve in real time as data is collected for a specificassessment project, or implementation project. The TCAT™ model and/orthe risk analysis unit 702 may characterize soil characteristics,electrochemical factors, electrical interferences, design, cathodicprotection, topography, and the like for the power infrastructure 102.

The risk analysis unit 702 and/or the TCAT™ may provide the descriptionof the degradation classifications and the corresponding total riskscore for those classifications based on the data obtained from the datacollection phase. The total risk score may be created by integrating theresults of the subsurface direct examination of the towerfootings/anchors 128 with corresponding risk scores. During the courseof the data collection, the project, and/or the implementation project,correlations may be recognized between the risk scores and the ranges ofmetal loss in the power infrastructure 102. FIG. 9 depicts a correlationof risk score and degradation classification created by the riskanalysis unit 702. FIGS. 10A-10C 1000 show displays of various riskscores sorted by overall tower risk, highest leg risk or highest risk ineach of the two circuits. The displays allow the implementation team toquickly review and identify the high risk portions of the powerstructure 102.

The TCAT™ corrosion prediction model and/or the risk analysis unit 702may provide a relative ranking of the severity of degradation of thetransmission towers 104 (as shown in FIG. 1 ). FIG. 10D depicts a table1004 showing a total risk score for a transmission tower. The total riskscore generally increased with increasing levels of degradation.

The risk analysis unit 702 may determine the degree of degradation foreach transmission tower 104, for example in the legs 126. FIG. 11depicts a table 1100 listing of photos taken at the power infrastructure102 of amounts of degradation in the legs 126. The table 1100 may alsoprovide a listing of photos of the degradation of the tower footing 128.

The comparative analysis unit 706 (as shown in FIG. 7 ) may compare datacollected, the data elements, the TCAT™ models, the risk models, foreach of the portions of the power infrastructure 102. For example, thecomparative analysis unit 706 may compare the different transmissiontowers 104 in the power infrastructure 102. The comparative analysisunit 706 may determine varying degrees of risk, performance, and/ordegradation for each of the transmission towers 104.

The predictive analysis unit 708 may take the data from the datacollection unit 702, the risk analysis unit 704 and the comparativeanalysis unit 706 in order to predict the future performance of theportions of the infrastructure 102 that have been modeled. This mayallow the implementation team to determine a maintenance and/orremediation schedule for the power infrastructure. The predictiveanalysis unit 708 may forecast degradation of the portions of the powerinfrastructure 102. For example, a corrosion based life cycle analysismay be developed using the degradation classification criteria in FIG.4D. This life cycle analysis may be enhanced by integrating structuralanalysis and/or consequence of failure data with the risk analysis unit704. These life cycle analyses will allow the prioritization of thepower infrastructure including, but not limited to, the footings 128,the transmission towers 102, the legs 126, and/or the circuits. This mayallow the implementation team to develop a multi-year refurbishment planfor the power infrastructure 102.

The relative analysis unit 709 may take the data from the datacollection unit 702, the risk analysis unit 704, the comparativeanalysis unit 706 and the predictive analysis unit 708 in order topredict the present and future condition of portions of the powerinfrastructure 102, and/or other infrastructure systems, for which no,or little, data has been collected. Based on the known data from themeasured power infrastructure 102, the relative analysis unit 709 maydetermine with a high degree of probability the status and future statusof the power infrastructure 102. This may allow the implementation teamto determine a maintenance and/or remediation schedule for the powerinfrastructure that has not yet been measured and/or observed. This maysave time and money of the work crews.

The implementation unit 710 may take the data from the data collectionunit 702, the risk analysis unit 704, the comparative analysis unit 706,the predictive analysis unit 708, and the relative analysis unit 709 inorder to create an implementation plan. The implementation plan mayinclude, but is not limited to, maintenance plans and schedules,remediation plans and schedules, and construction plans and schedules,corrosion mitigation plans and schedules for any of the components ofthe power infrastructure 102.

The degree of degradation of the power infrastructure 102 (as shown inFIG. 1 ) such as the footings 128 may be distributed over a wide rangeof degradation ranging from very little to 100% metal loss on somecomponents. The infrastructure unit 116 may perform life cycle analysison the power infrastructure 102. The life cycle analysis may provide aprioritization schedule of when to remediate each of the transmissiontowers 104. Therefore, the infrastructure unit 116 may develop amulti-year, cost efficient remediation plan, repair plan, maintenanceplan and/or construction plan on a system wide basis. The projecteddegradation determined by the infrastructure unit 116 may assist in thetiming of remediation and repair of the power infrastructure 102 therebyextending the life of the equipment and saving money for the owner ofthe power infrastructure.

In one example, estimated wall losses from the visual assessments by thefield worker 108 were used as a baseline. Corrosion rates were estimatedby the infrastructure unit 116, for example from the electrochemicalmeasurements made at the transmission towers 104. With the corrosionrates, projections of degradation classifications were made for three,five and ten years into the future. FIG. 12 depicts a table 1200generated by the infrastructure unit 116 that depicts the projecteddegradation classification for each transmission tower 104 (as shown inFIG. 1 ) that may be assessed. It is estimated that the yellow, orangeand red degradation levels may result in a structural compromise of thetransmission tower 104. The infrastructure unit 116 may determine whichtransmission tower 104 needs mitigation measures based on the table1200. The mitigating measures may prevent the transmission tower 104from experiencing a higher classification level of degradation.

In one example of an operation performed, fifty percent of the footings128 (as shown in FIG. 1 ) that were assessed had a degradation categoryof 4 or greater. This is indicative of metal loss between thirty toone-hundred percent on some components of the footings 128. Thedegradation tended to be more severe at the air/soil interface of thefootings 128. At the air/soil interface the edge of the angle iron hadthe greatest corrosion as the result of the zinc coating being thinneron the edges and the edges being more susceptible to mechanical damage.For example on leg B of the tower ADCM-2-156 portions of an angle ironsupport had completely corroded away and the remaining ligament wascracked as shown in FIG. 13A.

Remediation may involve excavation of each affected tower leg to beremediated to a depth of three feet, cleaning of the exposed steelgrillage to a SSPC Cleaning Standard, Application of a protectivecoating or replacement of the degraded tower component. Remediation mayalso include the auger and attachment of one (1) or more High PotentialMagnesium Anodes to each tower leg or other buried component,Photographic documentation, and commissioning performance testing anddocumentation.

FIGS. 13A-13D depict photos of portions of the infrastructure system.For further reference to an existing infrastructure system, please seeU.S. patent application Nos. 61/482,538 and 61/598,192, the benefit ofwhich are herein claimed, and the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

FIG. 14 depicts a schematic view of a pipeline analysis system 1400. Theanalysis system 1400 may be for analyzing conditions and/or damage to apipelines and/or pipeline infrastructure 1402. As shown the pipelineinfrastructure 1402 is a pipeline 1404 for transporting gases or fluidsthere through. The pipeline analysis system 1400 may have the pipelineinfrastructure 1402, one or more field workers 1408, one or more datacollection tools 1410, one or more data input devices 1412, acommunication network 1414 and a pipeline infrastructure unit 1416. Inaddition, the pipeline analysis system 1400 may have one or moreanalysis workers 1418 at a service company 1420. The service company1420 may be hired to perform analysis, maintenance, remediation, and/orconstruction on the pipeline infrastructure 1402. Further, the pipelineanalysis system 1400 may communicate with a client company 1422. Theservice company 1420 and/or the client company 1422 may have any numberof computers 1424 which may have the pipeline infrastructure unit 1416therein. In addition to, or as an alternative to, the one or more datainput devices 1412, the field worker may have a computer 1424.

The pipeline infrastructure 1402 may have the pipeline 1404 with one ormore damaged portions 1426 a-e (or greater). In addition, the pipelineinfrastructure 1402 may have any suitable devices or equipment forsupporting the transportation of gases or fluids in the pipeline 1404including, but not limited to, pipe supports 1428, compressor stations(not shown), pumps (not shown), valves, and the like.

The damaged portions 1426 of the pipeline 1404 may be due to corrosionof the pipeline 1404. In addition, the damaged portions 1426 may becaused by any suitable factors including, but not limited to, weather,ph of soil, cathodic corrosion, biological corrosion 1404 and the like.In addition, the damage portion may be structural damage due toinstallation, impact, vandalism, and the like.

The field worker 1408 may be any suitable worker (such as a technicianor an engineer) that is sent to the pipeline infrastructure 1402 tocollect data during a data collection phase of the project. The fieldworker 1408 may input the collected data directly into the one or moredata input devices 1412 and/or the computer 1424 as the data iscollected in the field. The one or more data collection tools 1410 maycommunicate directly with the one or more data input devices 1412 and/orthe computer 1424 or the field worker 1408 may input the collected datamanually. As the data is collected, the one or more data input devices1412 and/or the computer 1424 may send the data to the pipelineinfrastructure unit(s) 1416 located about the pipeline analysis system1400. The field worker 1408 may collect data for the pipeline 1404 asthe field worker 1408 travels along the pipeline 1404. Further, thefield worker 1408 may collect data from only a select section of thepipeline 1404 and then use the pipeline analysis system 1400 to predictthe conditions along the pipeline 1404 and formulate a project plan, orimplementation plan.

The one or more data collection tools 1410 may be any suitable device(s)for measuring conditions about the pipeline infrastructure 1402. In anembodiment, the field worker 1408 may use a caliper to measure thecorrosion at the damaged portions 1426. The caliper may be any suitablecaliper including but not limited to a digital caliper. Further, thedata collection tools 1410 may be any suitable tools for collecting dataconcerning the damage and contributing factors including, but notlimited to, a laser scanner, acoustic tools, cameras, GPS devices,surveying equipment, soil testers (such as pH, resistivity or redox),structure potentials as referenced to a copper-copper-sulfate referencecell, coating condition, water pH the field workers experience, pressuremonitors, flow meters, a pipeline pig, a handheld computer with one ormore data input features, data collection tools described herein, andthe like.

The communication network 1414 allows for communication about thepipeline analysis system 1400 and may be any suitable network includingthose described herein.

The field worker 1408 may collect data from all, or portions of, thepipeline infrastructure 1402 during a data gathering phase of theproject. During the data gathering phase the field worker 1408 may usethe data collection tools 1410 and/or observation at the pipelineinfrastructure 1402. The data collection may take place during routinepipeline surveys including, but not limited to, annual surveys. Further,the data collection may take place due to the identification of aspecific problem along the pipeline including, but not limited, to aleaking pipeline, a corroded portion of the pipeline and the like.

The data collection may include identifying the damaged portions 1426a-e. After identification of a damaged area, the field worker 1408 mayperform a more thorough investigation of the damage. For example, thefield worker 1408 may determine both externally and internally the sizeof the corroded area, the depth of the corrosion in the pipe, the wallthickness erosion in the pipe, the soil type, soil resistivity,pipe-to-soil potentials, the material the pipeline is constructed with,the type thickness and condition of coating on the pipeline, coatingdamage, recoating data, defect size and/or location, the paint on thepipeline, paint damage, weld type and condition, magnetic particleanalysis for crack identification, pH content, mapping of damaged areas,defect remaining strength analysis, corrosion product analysis, photosor digital imaging, dimensions of excavated areas, site sketches, depthof cover, global positioning, and the like. Further, a pig, or pipe pig,or digital pig may collect data regarding the condition of the pipelineas the pig travels through the pipeline.

The collected data may be automatically, and/or manually input into theone or more data input devices 1412 and/or the computer 1424. The one ormore data input devices 1412 may be any suitable data input devicesincluding, but not limited to, a tablet computer, a personal digitalassistant, a smart phone, a laptop, a desktop, any suitable data inputdevice described herein and the like.

FIG. 15 depicts two damaged portions 1426 a and 1426 b in an example. Asshown, the damaged portion 1426 a may be a very small corroded portionof the pipeline. The field worker 1408 may collect data regarding thisdamaged portion 1426 a and provide a location on the pipeline 1404 tothe pipeline infrastructure unit 1416 by any suitable method describedherein. The damaged portion 1426 b may be a larger damaged area thatrequires more detailed analysis, or mapping of the corrosion. As shown,a corrosion grid 1500 may be drawn on the pipeline 1404. The datacollection tools 1410 may map the specific conditions of the corrosionalong the entire corrosion grid 1500. The corrosion grid 1500 may bedrawn on the pipeline 1404 by the field worker 1408, or may be put onthe pipeline 1404 via one of the data collection tools 1410. Once thedata is collected a mitigation plan is devised and implemented in orderto ensure that there is not pipeline failures as will be described inmore detail below.

The collected data and/or the data elements for each of the pipelines1404 surveyed may be sent to the pipeline infrastructure unit(s) 1416via the data collection tools 1410, the data input devices 1412, thecomputer 1424 used by the field worker 1408, and/or entered by theworker 1408 at the service company 1420. The worker 1418 at the servicecompany 1420 may input the data into the pipeline infrastructure unit1416 from data collected in a data collection phase.

FIG. 16 depicts a block diagram of the pipeline infrastructure unit 1416according to an embodiment. The pipeline infrastructure unit 1416 mayinclude a storage device 1600, a data collection unit 1602, a riskanalysis unit 1604, a predictive analysis unit 1606, a mitigation unit1608, an implementation unit 1610, and/or a transceiver unit 1612. Thestorage device 1600 may be any suitable storage device for storing data.The transceiver unit 1612 may be any suitable device configured to sendand/or receive data to the pipeline infrastructure unit 1416. Thepipeline infrastructure unit 1416 may be totally or partially located inthe one or more data collection tools 1410, the one or more data inputdevices 1412, the computers 1424, at the service company 1420, clientcompany 1422 and/or with the field worker 1408, and/or the network 1414.

The risk analysis unit 1604 may have a transmission corrosion analysistool (TCAT™), pipeline version. The TCAT™ allows the workers to acquire,store and manage pipeline related data and timely performance of riskranking calculations. This may allow for quick identification ofpipeline sections/areas with damage and/or the highest risk of damageand timely direction of remediation crews to those high risk pipelines1404 and/or damaged portion 1426. By way of example only, FIG. 18Athrough FIG. 18H depict various screenshots of a visual display (withnotations added) of the TCAT™ (FIG. 18A representing an example mainscreenshot allowing user access to secondary screens including bell holedata, anomaly data, anomaly representation, and photos/images; and FIGS.18B-18H representing various example layers optionally accessible viathe main screen including FIG. 18B representing a bell hole data accessscreen, having drop down selections used to improve data consistency andallowing bell hole data entry; FIG. 18C representing a pipeline anomalydata access screen; FIG. 18D representing a coating anomaly data accessscreen; FIG. 18E representing an external corrosion cell data accessscreen; FIG. 18F representing an external corrosion grid data accessscreen; FIG. 18G representing a pipeline anomaly representation visualand/or data access screen; and FIG. 18H representing a standard set ofphotos or digital image data access screen wherein a user can zoom intoa specific photo by selecting it in the user interface system). TheTCAT™ may use an algorithm developed from expertise in corrosion,coating, bell hole, anomaly, etc. science and deployable viameasurements. This algorithm integrates numerous data elements, by wayof example only, around sixteen electrochemical, chemical, visual and/orphysical measurements for the pipeline infrastructure 1402, such as thepipeline 1404, the pipe supports 1428, and/or the like. The algorithmmay determine the relative likelihood of corrosion or damage of thatpipeline infrastructure 1402. To continually improve the performance ofthe model, direct information or information used to infer conditionsmay be integrated, for example, the subsurface direct examinationcondition data of the interior and/or exterior of the pipeline 1404 maybe inputted with direct observations. This allows the TCAT™ model andthe assessment team performance to improve in real time as data iscollected for a specific assessment project, or implementation project.The TCAT™ model and/or the risk analysis unit 1604 may characterize bellhole data, anomaly data, anomaly representation, visual images all invarious forms including soil characteristics, electrochemical factors,electrical interferences, design, cathodic protection, topography,imaging and the like for the pipeline infrastructure 1402.

The data collection unit 1602 may collect all of the data including, butnot limited to, input by the field worker 1408 into the one or more datacollection tools 1410 and/or the computer 1424. The data collection unit1602 may then identify important data elements from the collected data.The data collection unit 1602 may then organize, store, categorize, andmanipulate the collected data per the needs of the project. The datacollection unit 1602 may further keep historical data regarding any ofthe collected data, data elements, and/or pipeline infrastructure 1402as the data is collected.

The collected data may further be categorized to determine externalcorrosion factors for each pipeline 1404 and/or damaged portion(s) 1426a-e of the pipeline. The external corrosion factors may include, but arenot limited to, the size of the corrosion at each damaged portion 1426,the depth of the corrosion, the soil conditions, the atmosphericconditions, any conditions described herein, and the like.

The risk analysis unit 1604 may receive information from the datacollection unit 1602 to determine risk, or risk factors, in the pipelineinfrastructure 1402. The risk analysis unit may have a tool to determinethe likelihood that the pipeline 1404 will leak or burst. The riskanalysis unit 1604 may determine the extent of actual corrosion and therate of corrosion since installation of the pipeline 1404. Using theobserved and operating conditions of the pipeline, the risk analysisunit 1604 may determine the likelihood of a leak to the pipeline 1404.

The predictive analysis unit 1606 may take the data from the datacollection unit 1602, the risk analysis unit 1604 in order to predictthe future corrosion of the pipeline 1404. The predictive analysis unit1606 may generate a corrosion report that details the extent of theactual corrosion, the likelihood of a current pipeline leak, theprobability and extent of future corrosion and/or damage, and thelikelihood of a pipeline leak in the future.

The mitigation unit 1608 may take the data generated by the predictiveanalysis unit 1606 and determine which portions of the pipelineinfrastructure 1402 need work. The mitigation unit 1608 may determinethe type and scale of work to be performed on the pipelineinfrastructure 1402. The mitigation unit 1608 may generate a mitigationreport detailing the exact location and type of work to be done on thepipeline 1404. The mitigation unit 1608 may recommend any suitable typeof work for the pipeline infrastructure 1402 including, but not limitedto, painting, applying a protective coating, installing a sleeve overany damaged portion 1426, replacing a portion of the pipeline 1404, anycombination thereof, and the like.

The implementation unit 1610 may generate an implementation plan. Theimplementation plan may determine how soon the work on the pipelineinfrastructure 1402 is to be performed and the extent of the work to beperformed. For example, if it is determined that there is a probabilityof a leak in the pipeline 1404, the implementation plan may enact a planto have that portion of the pipeline infrastructure 1402 fixedimmediately. Further, the implementation unit 1610 may determine a timetable for future work and maintenance of the pipeline infrastructure1402 based on the mitigation plan.

All of the functions of the pipeline infrastructure unit 1416 and/or theinfrastructure unit 116 may be performed in real time while the fieldworker is inputting the collected data into the pipeline infrastructureunit 1416 and/or the infrastructure unit 116.

FIGS. 17A-17H depict an example of a report used in conjunction with thepipeline analysis system 1400 according to an embodiment.

The infrastructure unit 116 and/or the pipeline infrastructure unit 1416may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, entirely softwareembodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) oran embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Embodiments maytake the form of a computer program embodied in any medium havingcomputer usable program code embodied in the medium. The embodiments maybe provided as a computer program product, or software, that may includea machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which maybe used to program a computer system (or other electronic device(s)) toperform a process. A machine readable medium includes any mechanism forstoring or transmitting information in a form (such as, software,processing application) readable by a machine (such as a computer). Themachine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magneticstorage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e.g.,CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read only memory (ROM); randomaccess memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM andEEPROM); flash memory; or other types of medium suitable for storingelectronic instructions. Embodiments may further be embodied in anelectrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signal(e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.), orwireline, wireless, or other communications medium. Further, it shouldbe appreciated that the embodiments may take the form of handcalculations, and/or operator comparisons. To this end, the workers,operator and/or engineer(s) may receive, manipulate, catalog and storethe data from the system 100/1400 in order to perform tasks depicted inthe infrastructure unit 116 and/or the pipeline infrastructure unit1416.

While the embodiments are described with reference to variousimplementations and exploitations, it will be understood that theseembodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the inventive subjectmatter is not limited to them. Many variations, modifications, additionsand improvements are possible. For example, the techniques used hereinmay be applied to any assessment used for structures, bridges,refineries, industrial sites, and the like.

Plural instances may be provided for components, operations orstructures described herein as a single instance. In general, structuresand functionality presented as separate components in the exemplaryconfigurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component.Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single componentmay be implemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope ofthe inventive subject matter.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An infrastructure analysis system,comprising: a power infrastructure comprising: at least one transmissionline; and at least one transmission tower configured to support thetransmission line; a plurality of data collection tools configured tocollect data from the power infrastructure wherein the plurality of datacollection tools comprises a global position indication device, asurveying device, a soil tester, a tool for measuring an electrochemicalpotential of a structure, a tool for measuring corrosion of metal, acorrosion rate measuring tool, a length of a corroded section measuringtool, a pit depth measuring device, a coating measurement device, a soilacidity measuring tool, a soil oxidation-reduction measuring tool, asoil resistivity measuring tool, a water pH tester, a nondestructiveexamination of a structure, and a means for transducing a visualinspection; an infrastructure unit configured to receive data from thedata collection tool; wherein the infrastructure unit further comprises:a data collection unit configured to receive data regarding the powerinfrastructure and its environment from the data collection tool; a riskanalysis unit configured to evaluate a degradation condition of each ofthe transmission towers based on the receiving data; a comparativeanalysis unit configured to compare the degradation condition at each ofthe transmission towers to determine a relative comparative risk of eachof the transmission towers, a predictive analysis until configured todetermine a future performance of the transmission towers; and animplementation unit configured to assess the relative risk to the powerinfrastructure and create and execute an implementation plan forremediation of the power infrastructure.
 2. The infrastructure analysissystem of claim 1, further comprising at least one data input deviceconfigured to collect data from the data collection tool.
 3. Theinfrastructure analysis system of claim 2, wherein the data input deviceincludes at least a portion of the infrastructure unit.
 4. A Theinfrastructure analysis system of claim 1, wherein said means fortransducing said visual inspection comprises a visual image tool, and atool for measuring visual corrosion area pattern data.
 5. Aninfrastructure unit configured to develop an implementation plan formaintaining the integrity of a power infrastructure having a pluralityof transmission towers, comprising: a data collection unit configured toreceive data regarding the power infrastructure from a plurality of datacollection tools; wherein said plurality of data collection toolscomprises a global position indication device, a surveying device, asoil tester, a tool for measuring an electrochemical potential of astructure, a tool for measuring corrosion of metal, a corrosion ratemeasuring tool, a length of a corroded section measuring tool, a pitdepth measuring device, a coating measurement device, a soil aciditymeasuring tool, a soil oxidation-reduction measuring tool, a soilresistivity measuring tool, a water pH tester, a nondestructiveexamination of a structure, and a means for transducing a visualinspection; a risk analysis unit configured to evaluate a degradationcondition of each of the transmission towers based on the received data;a comparative analysis unit configured to compare the degradationcondition at each of the transmission towers to determine a relativecomparative risk of each of the transmission towers; a predictiveanalysis unit configured to determine a future performance of thetransmission towers; and an implementation unit configured to create andexecute an implementation plan for maintenance of the powerinfrastructure.
 6. The infrastructure unit of claim 5, furthercomprising a relative analysis unit configured to determine a currentstatus and a future status of each of the transmission towers.
 7. Theinfrastructure unit of claim 5, wherein the implementation plan is amaintenance schedule for each of the plurality of transmission towers.8. The infrastructure unit of claim 5, wherein said means fortransducing said visual inspection comprises a visual image tool, and atool for measuring visual corrosion area pattern data.
 9. A method forrepairing a power infrastructure having at least one transmission towerand at least one transmission line, the method comprising: gatheringdata regarding the power infrastructure using a plurality of datacollection tools; wherein said step of gathering data regarding thepower infrastructure using said plurality of data collection toolscomprises measuring a global position indication, with a structuralsurvey tool, with a soil tester, an electrochemical potential of astructure, a level of corrosion of a metal, measuring a corrosion rate,a length of a corroded section, a pit death, a coating thickness, alevel of soil acidity, a level of soil oxidation-reduction, a level ofsoil resistivity, a water pH, a nondestructive examination of astructure, and a means for transducing a visual inspection; inputtingthe data into an infrastructure unit; comparing the data in theinfrastructure unit to determine a degradation condition of eachtransmission tower; providing an implementation plan based on thedegradation condition; and executing the implementation plan forrepairing the degradation condition in the power infrastructure.
 10. Themethod according to claim 9, further including electronically storingall data gathered from the power infrastructure for accessing andmanipulating the data at a future point in time.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 9, wherein said means for transducing said visualinspection comprises a visual image tool, and a tool for measuringvisual corrosion area pattern data.
 12. A method for repairing apipeline infrastructure having at least one pipeline, the methodcomprising: gathering data regarding the pipeline infrastructure using aplurality of data collection tools comprising measuring a globalposition indication, with a structural survey tool, with a soil tester,an electrochemical potential of a structure, a level of corrosion of ametal, measuring a corrosion rate, a length of a corroded section, a pitdepth, a coating thickness, a level of soil acidity, a level of soiloxidation-reduction, a level of soil resistivity, a water pH, anondestructive examination of a structure, and a means for transducing avisual inspection; inputting the data into an infrastructure unit;comparing the data in the infrastructure unit to determine a damagedportion of the pipeline; providing an implementation plan based on thedamaged portion; and executing the implementation plan for repairing thedamaged portion in the pipeline infrastructure.
 13. The method accordingto claim 12, further including electronically storing all data gatheredfrom the pipeline infrastructure for accessing and manipulating the dataat a future point in time.
 14. The method according to claim 12, whereinsaid means for transducing said visual inspection comprises a visualimage tool, and a tool for measuring visual corrosion area pattern data.